KD- ASSIGNMENT P- 11, POST COLONIAL LITERATURE
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NAME: DAVE KHUSHALI
K
SEMESTER: 3
BATCH: 2016- 2018
ENROLLMENT NO :2069108420170006
ROLL NO: 12
ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COLONIALISM & POST COLONIALISM
PAPER NO : 11 ,POST- COLONIAL
LITERATURE
EMAIL ID : khushalidave8@gmail.com
SUBMITTED TO : SMT.S.B.GARDI DEPT
OF ENGLISH
MKBU
*INTRODUCTION
FIRST OF
ALL WE CAN DISCUSS ABOUT THE POSTCOLONIAL
LITERATURE , AFTER THAT DISCUSSED
ABOUT POST COLONIALISM & COLONIALISM.
*POST COLONIAL LITERATURE
POSTCOLONIAL LITERATURE IS THE
LITERATURE OF
COUNTRIES THAT WERE COLONIZED , MAINLY BY
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.
IT EXISTS ON ALL CONTINENTS
EXCEPT ANTARCTICA.
POSTCOLONIAL LITERATURE OFTEN ADDRESSES THE
PROBLEMS AND CONSEQUENCES
OF THE DECOLONIZATION OF
A COUNTRY, ESPECIALLY QUESTIONS
RELATING TO THE
POLITICAL AND CULTURAL
INDEPENDENCE OF FORMERLY
SUBJUGATED PEOPLE, AND THEMES
SUCH AS RACIALISM AND
COLONIALISM.
IN MANY WORKS
OF LITERATURE, SPECIFICALLY THOSE
COMING OUT OF
AFRICA, THE MIDDLE EAST, AND
THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT, WE MEET CHARACTERS WHO
ARE STRUGGLING WITH
THEIR IDENTITIES IN THE WAKE
OF COLONIZATION, OR THE
ESTABLISHMENT COLONIES IN ANOTHER NATION.FOR EXAMPLE, THE
BRITISH HAD A COLONIAL PRESENCE
IN INDIA
FROM THE 1700s UNTIL INDIA GAINED
ITS INDEPENDENCE IN
1947. AS YOU CAN
IMAGINE, THE PEOPLE OF
INDIA , AS WELL AS THE CHARACTERS
IN INDIAN NOVELS, MUST DEAL
WITH THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND EMOTIONAL EFFECTS
THAT THE BRITISH BROUGHT
AND LEFT BEHIND. THIS
IS TRUE FOR LITERATURE THAT COMES
OUT OF ANY COLONIZED
NATION. IN MANY CASES, THE
LITERATURE STEMMING FROM
THESE EVENTS IS BOTH EMOTIONAL
AND POLITICAL.
THE POST-COLONIAL
THEORIST ENTERS THESE
TEXTS THROUGH A
SPECIFIC CRITICAL LENS, OR A
SPECIFIC WAY OR
READING A TEXTS
THROUGH A SPECIFIC
CRITICAL LENS, OR A
SPECIFIC WAY OF
READING A TEXT. THAT CRITICAL LENS, POST-COLONIALISM, ASKS THE
READER TO ANALYZE
AND EXPLAIN THE
EFFECTS THAT COLONIZATION AND
IMPERIALISM, OR THE EXTENSION
OF POWER INTO
OTHER NATION HAVE
ON PEOPLE AND
NATIONS.
*DEFINITION OF POST COLONIALISM
BY
DEFINITION , POST COLONIALISM IS
A PERIOD OF TIME
AFTER COLONIALISM, AND POSTCOLONIAL
LITERATURE IS TYPICALLY
CHARACTERIZED BY ITS
OPPOSITION TO THE COLONIAL.
HOWEVER, SOME CRITICS HAVE ARGUED THAT ANY
LITERATURE THAT EXPRESSES AN
OPPOSITION TO COLONIALISM, EVEN IF IT IS PRODUCED DURING
A COLONIAL PERIOD, MAY BE DEFINED AS POSTCOLONIAL, PRIMARILY DUE TO ITS OP POSITIONAL NATURE. POSTCOLONIAL LITERATURE
OFTEN FOCUSES ON RACE
RELATIONS AND THE EFFECTS OF
RACISM AND USUALLY INDICTS WHITE
AND / OR COLONIAL SOCIETIES. DESPITE A BASIC CONSENSUS ON THE
GENERAL THEMES OF
POSTCOLONIAL WRITING, HOWEVER, THERE
IS ONGOING DEBATE
REGARDING THE MEANING OF POST COLONIALISM. MANY CRITICS NOW PROPOSE
THAT THE TERM
SHOULD BE EXPANDED TO INCLUDE
THE LITERATURE'S OF CANADA, THE
UNITED STATES, AND
AUSTRALIA. IN HIS ESSAY
DISCUSSING THE NATURE
AND BOUNDARIES OF POST COLONIALISM, SIMON DURING ARGUES FOR
A MORE INCLUSIVE DEFINITION, CALLING IT “THE NEED, IN NATIONS,
OR GROUPS WHICH HAVE BEEN VICTIMS OF
IMPERIALISM TO ACHIEVE AN IDENTITY UNCONTAMINATED BY UNIVERSALITY OR
EURO CENTRISM CONCEPTS OR IMAGES.”THE SCALE AND SCOPE
OF MODERN EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM, AS WELL AS ITS EXTRAORDINARILY ORGANIZED CHARACTER, INCLUDING THE CULTURAL
LICENSING OF RACIAL DOMINATION, HAS SOMETIMES
LED TO THE PERCEPTION OF
COLONIZATION AS A
MODERN PHENOMENON. IN FACT, MANY
CRITICS PROPOSE THAT MODERN COLONIALISM WAS
NOT A DISCRETE OCCURRENCE
AND THAT AN
EXAMINATION OF PRE MODERN
COLONIAL ACTIVITIES WILL ALLOW FOR
A GREATER AND
MORE COMPLEX UNDERSTANDING OF
MODERN STRUCTURES OF
POWER AND DOMINATION , SERVING TO ILLUMINATE
THE OPERATION OF OLDER
HISTORIES IN THE CONTEXT
OF BOTH MODERN COLONIALISM
AND CONTEMPORARY RACE AND
GLOBAL POLITICAL RELATIONS.
*DEFINITION OF COLONIALISM
COLONIALISM IS THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF A
COLONY IN ONE TERRITORY
BY A POLITICAL
POWER FROM ANOTHER TERRITORY
BY A
POLITICAL POWER FROM ANOTHER TERRITORY, AND THE
SUBSEQUENT MAINTENANCE, EXPANSION,
AND EXPLOITATION OF THAT COLONY.
COLONIALISM INVOLVES UNEQUAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE COLONIAL
POWER AND THE COLONY AND
OFTEN BETWEEN THE COLONISTS AND THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES.
COLONIALISM IS A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN
INDIGENOUS (OR FORCIBLY IMPORTED)
MAJORITY AND A
MINORITY OF FOREIGN INVADERS. THE FUNDAMENTAL DECISIONS
AFFECTING THE LIVES OF THE COLONIZED
PEOPLE ARE MADE AND
IMPLEMENTED BY THE COLONIAL RULERS IN
PURSUIT OF INTERESTS THAT ARE
OFTEN DEFINED IN
A DISTANT METROPOLIS. REJECTING CULTURAL COMPROMISES
WITH THE COLONIZED POPULATION,
THE COLONIZERS ARE CONVINCED OF THEIR
OWN SUPERIORITY AND THEIR
ORDAINED MANDATE TO RULE.
·
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
COLONIALISM & POST COLONIALISM
“POST COLONIALISM” AND “ POST-
COLONIALISM” ARE THE SAME THING.
THE MOST
COMMON ACCEPTED FORM OF THE WORD IS THAT WITHOUT THE HYPHEN.
“POST COLONIALISM” IS A FIELD OF STUDY
THAT INCORPORATES MANY SUB-FIELDS, INCLUDING HISTORY, ANTHROPOLOGY,
LITERATURE, AND WHAT IS KNOWN AS “AREA
STUDIES,” SPECIALIZATION ON ONE OR MORE
REGIONS OF THE WORLD OR
SPECIFIC COUNTRIES. IT EXAMINES
THE EFFECTS ON NATIVE OR
INDIGENOUS CULTURES OF
OUTSIDE (USUALLY REFERENCING EUROPEAN) INFLUENCES IMPOSED
THROUGH THE PROCESS OF
INVASION, OCCUPATION, AND EXPLOITATION(I.E., COLONIALISM). THE
FORMAL STRUCTURE OF
COLONIALISM HAVING BEEN REMOVED
THROUGH THE PROCESS, OFTEN VIOLENT, SOMETIMES PEACEFUL, OF
DECOLONIZATION, WHAT IS LEFT BEHIND
IS A COMPLEX AMALGAMATION OF
FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC
INFLUENCES. THERE IS NO SHORTAGE
OF GOOD EXAMPLES, AS COLONIZATION AFFECTED MOST OF THE WORLD, EITHER FROM THE
PERSPECTIVE OF THE
IMPERIAL POWER OR FROM THAT OF
THE OCCUPIED NATION. AMONG THOSE EXAMPLES IS THE ENDURING INFLUENCE OF
FRENCH COLONIALISM IN SOUTHEAST
ASIA, WHERE THE FRENCH
LANGUAGE REMAINS IN USE
DECADES AFTER INDEPENDENCE
WAS ATTAINED IN SUCH
NATIONS AS CAMBODIA, LAOS AND VIETNAM (ALTHOUGH, EACH OF THESE NATION USES AS THEIR
PRIMARY LANGUAGE THAT WHICH IS
NATIVE TO THE ETHNICITY INVOLVED) AND
FRENCH ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCES
DOMINATE MANY TOWNS
AND CITIES. THE EFFECTS
OF COLONIALISM, HOWEVER, RUN MUCH
DEEPER IN TERMS OF THE WATERING-DOWN
OF INDIGENOUS INFLUENCES
IN FAVOR OF THOSE THAT
WERE IMPOSED BY THE
OUTSIDE. SIMILARLY, THE USE
OF ENGLISH ACROSS
MUCH OF INDIA IS AN
ENDURING LEGACY OF THAT
COUNTRY’S MANY YEARS
OF INCORPORATION INTO
THE BRITISH EMPIRE, AS ARE THE LEGAL AND
CIVIL SERVICE SYSTEMS THAT ARE DOMINANT IN
THE ANCIENT CULTURE
OF INDIA.
IN SHORT, “ POST COLONIALISM” REFERS TO THE
LONG- TERM INFLUENCES OF
FOREIGN OCCUPATION ON COUNTRIES AND
REGIONS FORMERLY COLONIZED BY
WEALTHIER, STRONGER EUROPEAN
POWERS. IT IS NOT TECHNICALLY
INCORRECT TO HYPHENATE
THE PHRASE, BUT THE
NON- HYPHENATED FORM IS ACCEPTABLE.
THE
MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
COLONIAL AND
POSTCOLONIAL LITERATURE LIES IN THE
TIME PERIOD THE LITERATURE WAS
CREATED AND THE PERSPECTIVE OF
THE LITERARY TEXT. COLONIAL
LITERATURE REFERS TO THE
LITERATURE THAT WAS
WRITTEN DURING THE COLONIAL
PERIOD, BEFORE THE DECOLONIZATION. POSTCOLONIAL LITERATURE WAS WRITTEN
AFTER THE DECOLONIZATION.THUS,
THE PERSPECTIVE OF THESE TWO GENRES ARE ALSO DIFFERENT ;
COLONIAL LITERATURE CONTAINS
THE PERSPECTIVE OF
THE COLONIZERS WHEREAS POSTCOLONIAL LITERATURE IS
WRITTEN IN THE PERSPECTIVE
OF THE COLONIZED
OR THE FORMALLY COLONIZED
PEOPLE.
POSTCOLONIAL LITERATURE
CAN BE DEFINED AS
A CHALLENGE AND
RESISTANCE TO THE
COLONIAL PERSPECTIVES
. THIS IS
THE MAIN DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN COLONIAL AND
POSTCOLONIAL LITERATURE.
COLONIALISM IS
OFTEN DISCUSSED AS THE
HISTORY OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION AND
COLONIZATION WHICH WAS
GENERALLY INITIATED
DURING THE AGE
OF EXPLORATION. COLONIALISM IS
USUALLY DISCUSSED AS
A EUROPEAN DOMINATION OF
AMERICAN, AFRICAN AND ASIAN LANDS.THIS IS
TRUE, BUT THIS COULD ALSO INCLUDE EXAMPLES LIKE
THE ROMAN AND
PERSIAN EMPIRES. EMPIRES
THAT HAVE TAKEN
OVER OTHER COUNTRIES HAVE OFTEN
ESTABLISHED COLONIES AS A
WAY OF STAKING OUT
TERRITORY. IN LITERARY ANALYSIS, COLONIALISM REFERS
TO LITERATURE AND CRITICISM DEALING
WITH THE PERIODS OF COLONIZATION. THIS CAN BE FROM
THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE
COLONIZED OR THE COLONIZERS.
THERE IS
NO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN “POST- COLONIALISM” AND
“POST COLONIALISM”. THEY ARE SIMPLY TWO WAYS OF SPIELING THE SAME THING. THE MORE COMMON
USAGE IS “POST COLONIALISM” BUT SOME
SPELL-CHECKING SOFTWARE WILL
FLAG THIS AS AN INCORRECT SPELLING
BUT NOT FLAG
THE HYPHENATED VERSION
AS INCORRECTLY SPELLED.
POST COLONIALISM
IS GENERALLY A
BODY OF LITERARY
AND CULTURAL IMPACT
OF IMPERIALISM ESPECIALLY ON
AFRICAN NATIONS. IT TENDS TO
INVESTIGATE BOTH THE
CLASH OF CULTURES
INVOLVED IN THE COLONIAL
EXPERIENCE AND THE
PROCESS OF DECOLONIZATION. IT STUDIES
WAYS IN WHICH
COLONIZED NATIONS SIMULTANEOUSLY ASSIMILATE TO
AND IS OFTEN
FOCUSED ON POINTS
OF RESISTANCE. POSTCOLONIAL THEORISTS
ARE ALSO INTERESTED
IN THE INTERSECTIONS OF
RACE, GENDER AND COLONIALISM
AS PROCESSES OF
OPPRESSION.
·
IMAGE
TEACHING POST COLONIAL
LITERATURE
IN
ITALY AS ELSEWHERE , THE GREAT
INTERNATIONAL SUCCESS OF SALMAN RUSHDIE’S
‘MIDNIGHT’S CHILDREN (1981) TRANSFORMED A
SERIES OF LITERATURE THAT WERE CONSIDERS ‘’ MINOR,” AND
WERE KNOWN AND
STUDIED ONLY BY
A FEW SPECIALISTS, INTO A
FASHIONABLE PHENOMENON.THE
CONSEQUENCES ARE STILL
FELT TODAY ON THE ONE
HAND ,APART FROM THE
ACADEMICS WHO HAVE CHOSEN
TO DEVOTE THEMSELVES TO THE SO-CALLED
POSTCOLONIAL LITERATURE, CRITICAL ATTENTION HAS BEEN
DIRECTED ALMOST ENTIRELY
TOWARDS THE NEW
PUBLICATIONS, AND THE NEW
WRITERS ,FORSAKING THE CLASSICS
AND ALMOST DELETING
WHAT WENT ON BEFORE
1981.ON THE OTHER HAND ,VERY
OFTEN ,REVIEWERS AND CRITICS SHOW A
PATRONIZING ATTITUDE TOWARDS
THE NEW GENERATIONS, WHILE ACADEMICS
PLACE THE MOST IMPORTANT AUTHORS IN
THE NATIONAL CANON .IN THIS WAY ,SALMAN RUSHDIE AND J.M COLETTE
ARE
TAUGHT IN ENGLISH LITERATURE COURSES ,WHILE PRIZE- WINNING AUTHORS
SUCH AS ARVIND ADIGA, JUNOT DIAZ, AND
JUMPA LAHERI HAVE A
PLACE ONLY IN THE
UNITS OF “LITERATURE OF THE
ENGLISH – SPEAKING COUNTRIES”.
THE SAME
APPLIES , OF COURSE , TO THE ITALIAN
AREA : YOU WILL NOT FIND ANY ITAL O PHONE WRITERS ,THAT IS NON
– ITALIAN AUTHORS WRITING
IN ITALIAN IN THE NATIONAL
CANON.
CONCLUSION
WITHOUT COLONIALISM
THERE WOULD BE NO
POST- COLONIALISM. COLONIALISM IS
ABOUT THE DOMINANCE
OF A STRONG
NATION OVER ANOTHER WEAKER
ONE. COLONIALISM HAPPENS WHEN A
STRONG NATION SEES THAT ITS
MATERIAL INTEREST AND
AFFLUENCE REQUIRE THAT IT
EXPAND OUTSIDE ITS
BORDERS.
Work
cited
(zabous, 2014)
Bibliography
zabous, c. .. (2014). the future of postcolonial
studies. In c. j.zabous, the future of postcolonial studies (p. 35).
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